Moon of Alabama Brecht quote
August 29, 2021
How The CIA Used ISIS-K To Keep Its Afghanistan Business

There is a larger story behind the recent terror events in Afghanistan. Here is an attempt to track it down.

Over the years several reports by the Afghan Analyst Network (AAN) about the Islamic State in Khorasan Province (ISKP or ISIS-K) show that it had grown out of militant groups from Pakistan. A report from 2016 describes extensively how they were fostered by the Afghan state:

The IS fighters who pioneered the Khorasan franchise of the IS were Pakistani militants who had long been settled in the southeastern districts of Nangarhar, in the Spin Ghar mountains or its foothills, bordering the tribal agencies on the Pakistani side of the Durand Line.

Before choosing to join ISKP, these militants operated under different brands, mainly under the umbrella of the ever-loosening Tehrik-e Taleban Pakistan (TTP). The bulk of these militants had been arriving in Nangarhar since 2010 mainly from the Orakzai, North Waziristan and Khyber tribal agencies.

Pakistan alleges that the TTP is supported by RAW, India's secret services. It may have also helped to finance the ISKP outlet.

Hoping to use them against Pakistan, the Afghan government started to woo some of these fighters, according to influential tribal elders involved in helping relation-building from the districts that sheltered the guest militants.

However, efforts by the Afghan intelligence service, the National Directorate of Security (NDS), to woo Pakistani militants in Nangarhar have not been confined to Lashkar-e Islam or to militants from Khyber. Tribal elders and ordinary residents of Achin, Nazian and Kot testify that fighters from Orakzai and Mohmand agencies belonging to different factions of the TTP have been allowed free movement across the province, as well as treatment in government hospitals. When moving outside their hub in Nangarhar’s southern districts, they would go unarmed. In off-the-record conversations with AAN, government officials have verified this type of relationship between segments of the Pakistani militants and the NDS, as have pro-government tribal elders and politicians in Jalalabad. They described this state of affairs as a small-scale tit-for-tat reaction to Pakistan’s broader and longer-ranging, institutionalised support to the Afghan Taleban in their fight against the Afghan government.

The Afghan state's NDS was a CIA proxy agency. During the mid 1990s the intelligence chief of the Northern Alliance, Amrullah Saleh, had been trained by the CIA in the United States. After the U.S. overthrew the Taliban government Saleh became the head of the NDS. The NDS also had extensive relations with India's secret service.

While the U.S. pretended to fight the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) consistent reports from various sides alleged that core ISIS personnel were extracted by unmarked U.S. helicopters from Iraq and Syria and transferred to Nangarhar where they reinforced the ISKP militants.

Hadi Nasrallah @HadiNasrallah – 1:18 UTC · Aug 28, 2021

In 2017 and 2020, Syria’s SANA reported that that US helicopters transported between 40 and 75 ISIS militants from Hasakah, North Syria to an “unknown area”. The same thing was reported for years in Iraq by the PMU along with reports that US helicopters dropped aid for ISIS.

As Alex Rubinstein summarizes:

The list of governments, former government officials, and organizations in the region that have accused the US of supporting ISIS-K is expansive and includes the Russian government, the Iranian government, Syrian government media, Hezbollah, an Iraqi state-sponsored military outfit and even former Afghan President Hamid Karzai, who called the group a “tool” of the United States …

Like in Iraq and Syria the CIA's fostering of ultra-militant Islamists led to a backlash as the militants increasingly attacked the Afghan state. The U.S. military finally found it necessary to intervene against them. But the fighting against them on the ground was mostly done by the Taliban who for that purpose received direct support from the U.S. air force.

The Taliban operations were successful and a further spread of ISKP in east Afghanistan was prevented. Instead of openly taking more land ISKP then resorted to sensational suicide bombings against vulnerable targets in Kabul. In May 2021, for example, a car bomb placed in front of Hazara girl school in Kabul killed more than 90 people most of them children.

The CIA and the NDS had additional militants at hand to fight against the Taliban. They had grown and built special forces organized in several battalions (NDS-01 to -04 and the Khost Protection Force (KPF). These CIA controlled death squads had their own helicopter support:

As of 2018, the CIA is engaged in a program to kill or capture militant leaders, codenamed ANSOF, previously Omega. CIA manpower is supplemented with personnel assigned from United States Army Special Operations Command.

In mid–2019, the NGO Human Rights Watch stated that "CIA-backed Afghan strike forces" have committed "serious abuses, some amounting to war crimes" since late 2017.

The 2019 HRW report noted:

These strike forces have unlawfully killed civilians during night raids, forcibly disappeared detainees, and attacked healthcare facilities for allegedly treating insurgent fighters. Civilian casualties from these raids and air operations have dramatically increased in the last two years.

After the Taliban took Kabul it became clear that the CIA would have to shut down its 'counterterrorism' program and that it would lose control of a major part of its (drug) business in Afghanistan.

As Kabul was falling at least one of its Afghan units, some 600 soldiers, was ordered to help guard the airport of Kabul.

NDS 01 Unit @NDS_Afghanistan – 11:50 UTC · Aug 17, 2021

We will come
We will serve our countrymen as well .
#انشاء_الله #Kabul #ANDSF

The CIA's Afghan forces manned the gates and guard towers:

The Americans have turned to several hundred commandos from the former Afghan government’s National Directorate of Security to limit access through some airport gates, to keep the crowds from overwhelming the airport.

The former N.D.S. commandos are due to be among the last to leave the country in the evacuation, serving as a rear guard before being airlifted out, according to U.S. and former Afghan officials.

Some of the trigger happy unit got into a friendly fire incident with German soldiers. The CIA Afghan troops at the airport are set to be evacuated. Other units, including the KPF, were reported to be going to the Panjshir valley where a new 'Northern Alliance' under Amrullah Saleh and Ahmad Massoud is supposed to be build. The Taliban are trying to hunt them down.

On Thursday a suicide bomber attacked a gate at the airport in Kabul where many people were trying to get evacuated from Afghanistan. The Islamic State claimed responsibility:

Thursday's suicide bombing in Kabul and the following panic killed more than 150 civilians (some 30 of whom were British-Afghan), 28 Taliban fighters and 13 U.S. troops.

Before the attack happened a Taliban spokesperson had told RT that they had warned the U.S. of an imminent ISPK attack.

It is difficult to understand why the U.S., after it had been warned, did not take more precautions against such an attack.

Most of the casualties of the attack were not caused by the suicide bomber but by guards on the wall and in the guard towers surrounding the airport.  "Most victims" had gun wounds to their upper bodies and the bullets had come from above. This has now been confirmed by multiple sources:

Sangar | سنګر پیکار @paykhar – 1:02 PM · Aug 28, 2021

"Most victims of #KabulAirportBlast were not killed by the blast but by bullets fired at them by the Americans."
Faisal of Kabul Lovers channel interviewed aid workers at Emergency Hospital in #Kabul and this is what they have to say:
Embedded video

U.S. media try to ignore those reports. Only deep down in a long New York Times piece one will find these lines:

For the first time, Pentagon officials publicly acknowledged the possibility that some people killed outside the airport on Thursday might have been shot by American service members after the suicide bombing.

Investigators are looking into whether the gunfire came from Americans at the gate, or from the Islamic State.

It were neither the Americans at the gate nor the Islamic State but most likely the CIA's Afghan death squads in the guard towers who caused the massacre.

The Washington Post analysis of the attack is likewise misleading:

Multiple gunmen then opened fire on the civilians and military forces. A local affiliate of the Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack.

Two days after the attack the CIA CNN published an interview by Clarissa Ward with an alleged ISKP commander said to have been recorded two weeks ago in a hotel in Kabul. Why the CNN blurred the man's face is left unexplained.

As RT mockingly headlines:

‘CIA tweets CIA interview with CIA’: Viewers react to suddenly-released 'eerily prophetic' CNN interview with ISIS-K commander

Also a day after the airport attack the CIA killed an alleged ISKP 'planner' in Jalalabad who had nothing to do with the airport attack.

Dion Nissenbaum @DionNissenbaum – 10:43 UTC · Aug 29, 2021

Exclusive @WSJ video shows aftermath of US drone strike on Islamic State in Afghanistan, which used a "Flying Ginsu" missile. Pentagon says no civilian casualties. Eyewitness says a woman among the four injured.
Exclusive Video Shows Aftermath of U.S. Drone Strike in Afghanistan

The claim of a 'Flying Ginsu' missile, which contain no explosives, is inconsistent with the heavy shrapnel damage seen in the above linked video.

Now onto the big question.

If ISKP is, as shown above, a CIA/NDS product and if the guards at the airport who killed the 'most victims' in the attack are CIA led Afghan special forces why did all this happen?

We may find the answer in another New York Times piece headlined:

Amid Afghan Chaos, a C.I.A. Mission That Will Persist for Years

As the Afghanistan war wound down, the C.I.A. had expected to gradually shift its primary focus away from counterterrorism — a mission that transformed the agency over two decades into a paramilitary organization focused on manhunts and killing — toward traditional spycraft against powers like China and Russia.

But a pair of deadly explosions on Thursday were the latest in a series of rapidly unfolding events since the collapse of the Afghan government and the Taliban takeover of the country that have upended that plan. Like a black hole with its own gravitational pull, Afghanistan could draw the C.I.A. back into a complex counterterrorism mission for years to come.

The poor CIA – pulled back into an expensive 'counterterrorism' mission in Afghanistan and elsewhere that was supposed to end until … well, until a CIA created terrorist outlet sent a suicide bomber to Kabul's airport and until CIA led Afghan forces shot up and killed a large crowd of refugees.

One might also call this the deep state's revenge for President Biden's order to retreat from Afghanistan.

This is the same deep state that had brought us four years of a fake 'Russiagate' when a different president was likewise inclined to call U.S. troops back home and to thereby limit the CIA's fields of operation.

To make their point absolutely clear the NYT's CIA authors in their last paragraph issue this not very subtle threat:

Any terrorist attack originating from Afghanistan would expose Mr. Biden to fierce criticism from his political opponents that it was a result of his decision to pull American troops from the country — yet another factor that is likely to bring intense White House pressure on spy agencies to keep a laser focus on Afghanistan.

White House pressure on the spy agencies? No, CIA pressure on the White House to let it stay in its Afghanistan business.

Comments

Last American soldiers leave Afghanistan
…end of an era
…Taliban celebrate
https://www.facebook.com/100010938572297/videos/247700680549531/
Thanks to the US for saving an entire generation from the vicious and ancient old Taliban, albeit unintentionally.
Thanks to the new Taliban for carrying themselves honourably and showing seriousness (donkeys will no longer have to wear boxer shorts) in governing the country.
My heart is heavy for all those Afghans and Americans who lost their lives for this con that was War on Terror.

Posted by: Afgun | Aug 30 2021 21:38 utc | 101

doesn’t this shooting remind of the las vegas style shooting…

Posted by: jason | Aug 30 2021 22:13 utc | 102

doesn’t this shooting remind of the las vegas style shooting…
Posted by: jason | Aug 30 2021 22:13 utc | 102

Silence! We’re not supposed to remember that.

Posted by: corvo | Aug 30 2021 22:17 utc | 103

The bullshit aimed at the Taliban has begun at the UNSC. Here’s the full report:
” Russia abstained during the voting on the United Nations Security Council resolution on Afghanistan because its principle concerns were ignored in it, Russia’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations Vassily Nebenzia said on Monday.
“We had to abstain during the voting on the UN Security Council draft resolution on Afghanistan,” he told the Security Council meeting. “We did it because the draft’s authors ignored our principle concerns.”
According to the Russian diplomat, Russia suggested that the United Nations Security Council resolution on Afghanistan include a provision on negative effects of the mass evacuation of specialists and the freezing of financial assets on the situation in that country, but these initiatives were ignored.
“During the talks, we stressed the inadmissibility of negative impacts of the evacuation of highly-qualified Afghan personnel on Afghanistan’s socio-economic development. The country will not be able to attain the goals of sustainable development in conditions of brain drain. These elements, which are important for the Afghan people, were not reflected in the text,” he said.
He also noted that Russia’s proposals to point to negative impacts of the freezing of the country’s financial asset and to condemn the activities of Islamic State and East Turkestan Islamic Movement (both outlawed in Russia) were also ignored. The resolution however condemns the Islamic State Khorasan group (ISIS-K, an Islamic State branch).
Nebenzia expressed bewilderment that the resolution was passed that swiftly. “At the same time, we see attempts to shift responsibility for the failure of the United States’ and its allies’ 20-year presence in Afghanistan onto the Taliban movement and countries of the region, which will have to face consequences of this long campaign,” he added.” [My Emphasis]
This was just the Draft Resolution. If not revised, Russia might use its veto, which it ought to since it’s very unbalanced and untruthful.

Posted by: karlof1 | Aug 30 2021 22:52 utc | 104

Survivors of the Kabul Airport Massacre: “The Americans Shot Directly at Us Without Discerning” (Komsomol’skaya Pravda, Aleksandr Kots, August 30, 2021 — in Russian)


I went to one of Kabul’s hospitals and found survivors of the massacre there. They claim that they were not fired upon by mythical terrorists, but by the Americans.
Two women were sitting near the intensive care unit, where their wounded relative was being treated. On that Thursday, they were all together at the eastern gate of Kabul airport.
“When the explosion occurred, we ran and saw that there was shooting from the side of the Americans—they were hitting some in their abdomens, others in their heads,” recalls Najila Jan.
She got a Swedish visa online and hoped to fly out that day on one of the evacuation flights.
“There was a stampede, everyone ran. Apparently, the Americans thought that there was someone among us who could also explode,” said another woman, Shah Jan. “That’s why they were shooting. The explosion killed few people, the epicenter was on the side where the Americans were. And people died as a result of the stampede and from the fact that from all sides the Americans were shooting at the people.”
A girl quickly enters the intensive care unit, bringing with her some medicines. The hospital lacks not only medicines, but also the necessary equipment. Her brother has a head wound, but the clinic cannot even scan his brain. And, according to doctors, this is one of the best hospitals in the city.
“My husband lives in Australia. I wanted to fly to him,” says Rahmana Agvari. “After the explosion, the Americans started shooting from all sides. They fired to ensure their safety, they didn’t care who died.”
Rahmana was also wounded, but lightly—a shrapnel hit her neck, she lost hearing in her right ear.
“My brother was also wounded, I went into the terminal at that moment, and that’s why I survived,” says the man sitting next to her. “But then the shooting began. Even those who fell were fired on from the American side. There was a crowd, and there was a stampede…”
The man asks not to be named and not to show his face—he worked for the Ministry of Finance and is now afraid of persecution by the Taliban. But they [the Americans – S] did not help him with the flight, so he tried his luck with his brother.
“They were always so friendly, they called us friends, and then they just shot us point-blank,” the man says with dismay.

There’s a video of these eyewitness accounts at the end of the article.

Posted by: S | Aug 30 2021 23:33 utc | 105

S 105
Thanks for posting that. Back in the Vietnam era, western journalists would go to war zone, write what they saw and get it printed. After vietnam, they became enemy combatants for US west militaries. Now it is only Russian journalists that go to the war zones and they are also treated as legitimate targets by the US military.
I wish I could read Russian as that is the only place to find this sort of news article.

Posted by: Peter AU1 | Aug 30 2021 23:52 utc | 106

Karlofi @ 104–
Do they own everybody? Sure sounds like they do.

Posted by: arby | Aug 31 2021 0:15 utc | 107

RE: Posted by: karlof1 | Aug 30 2021 22:52 utc | 104
“If not revised, Russia might use its veto, which it ought to since it’s very unbalanced and untruthful. “
As in volleyball some do the set up and others make the strike, whilst the “home team” expect/hope that they will make more strikes – hence sports scholarships at universities?

Posted by: MagdaTam | Aug 31 2021 0:19 utc | 108

The US left the Taliban with the world’s 4th largest arsenal: https://twitter.com/MaxAbrahms/status/1431974453202804737/photo/1
Tricky for China, Iran and Pakistan…

Posted by: Antonym | Aug 31 2021 1:55 utc | 109

mina 96 , arby 99

Canada leads international coalition calling on China to allow investigators free access to Xinjiang


Canada and Oz are ‘leading’ the crusades these days while FUKUS are leading from behind.
While the canucks and ozzies reel from the blowback FUS reap the windfall.
With ‘big bro’ like this , who needs an enemy ?
[1]
Anyway, Canada and Oz have been up to its ears in FUKUS wars since time immemorial, they can hardly plead innocence on the Day of JUdgement by their creators.
But Dont think they believe in gawd anymore else they wouldnt be indulging
in such wanton destruction of gawd’s creations.
Exhibit A
Afghan

while we take care of some nasty business in the dessert. The Canadians also participated. Joining “the largest ever helicopter assault involving the Canadian air force,” Captain Mathieu Bergeron of Edmonton gushed, “There are helicopters everywhere. It’s awesome.” It’s too bad the Afghans didn’t send a delegation. A lone athlete could march in carrying a white flag, to a rousing ovation, too, no doubt.

[2]
Ex Yugo…

Canadians, sad to say, have played a grim role in the whole affair, out of all proportion to the country’s size. Canadian politicians boast that Canada’s pilots flew 10 percent of the sorties against Yugoslavia, the third greatest number, after the UK and the US. They don’t mention the obvious implication: Canada killed 10 percent of the people.

[3]
Iraq…
[1]
eVErybody whines about AIPAC,
why u aint seen IPAC, ?
https://citizensparty.org.au/friends-these-fake-concern-australias-winemakers
[2]
https://dissidentvoice.org/2010/05/top-killing/
[3]
http://www.swans.com/library/art7/gowans02.html

Posted by: denk | Aug 31 2021 4:20 utc | 110

Gen McKenzie talks about thousands of ISIS-K prisoners https://news.yahoo.com/reap-sow-us-commander-says-224800844.html
Or rather he gives shifty, misleading statements making it sound like the Taliban released thousands of ISIS-K prisoners. But more to the point, why doesn’t the U.S. simply tell us how many ISIS-K POW’s there were at Parwan now that the Afghan govt no longer exists. It’s not like there is a security issue to defend anymore.

Posted by: Christian J. Chuba | Aug 31 2021 14:05 utc | 111

Posted by: karlof1 | Aug 30 2021 22:52 utc | 104
I’m confused. How could there be voting on a draft resolution that remains a draft after passing the vote? My understanding is that the draft resolution would be negotiated, ammendments would be made, sometimes competing drafts jostle against each other, but once it is put to the vote and passed, then it is a resolution not a draft. If it fails to be passed, then of course it remains as a draft – namely a failed draft.
A proposal which has not been voted on and approved by majority cannot be a resolution, that is a contradiction in terms – a resolution is the product of the action of resolving – that can only be made by a majority vote in favour. Instead it is a draft resolution – until it is passed.

“During the talks, we stressed the inadmissibility of negative impacts of the evacuation of highly-qualified Afghan personnel on Afghanistan’s socio-economic development. The country will not be able to attain the goals of sustainable development in conditions of brain drain. These elements, which are important for the Afghan people, were not reflected in the text,” he said.

That is interesting. He obviously knows what he is talking about, and I have not previously seen any reports that the evacuation was of experts. This has always been a major tactic of the psychopathic UK and US regimes – deliberately engineer a brain drain of the most able and skilled people, which leaves the country in a mess afterwards.
The strong implication, even though it is not explicitly stated, is that the US went out of their way to seek all the main strategic experts in the country and remove them en masse – most probably as the majority of the numbers of the exodus (including families; unless this sector is the majority of the exodus, I suspect it would not be such a crippling issue). The Ambassador would not be raising the issue unless that is the case.

Posted by: BM | Aug 31 2021 14:49 utc | 112

@ BM:
I don’t get it either. Not least of all because any resolution proposed by the US/UK/France should be vetoed unread at the first opportunity. The French wanted a statement explicitly authorizing armed meddling in Afghanistan under the pretext of humanitarian assistance or airport management or whatever they’re calling it this time. One assumes the Russians learned something from the UNSC’s Iraq and Libya votes.

Posted by: corvo | Aug 31 2021 14:58 utc | 113

Further to Posted by: BM | Aug 30 2021 15:13 utc | 91
It has been reported that all the shots were to the head and chest. I for one was somewhat sidetracked by descriptions of queues in “single file”, but it seems it was not like that. US soldiers from the ground have criticised the fact that the people trying to get in were packed between two concrete walls, which would amplify the effects of the blast. That does not seem to be what was so critical, though, as most were killed by the sniper shooting not by the blast.
Linked by Posted by: Bemildred | Aug 30 2021 18:09 utc | 98:

The Abbey Gate entrance to the airport packed rows of people between two concrete walls, a perfect environment to amplify the destructive power of a suicide bomb. Looking at video footage of the crowds there the day before the blast, Marine Corps veteran and former Trump administration official Adam Korzeniewski asked “why weren’t there defensive emplacements built?”

I suspect the issue is not that they only received wounds to the head and chest because they were packed tightly together – rather, they were being picked off by snipers who were shooting from above at an angle, so the head and shoulders was all the snipers could see. Small children held by their parents would be targets, but children standing on the ground presumably not. The snipers were shooting like shooting into a barrel of fish, which is why they were able to kill so many so quickly.
The Russians must have a lot of information on what really happened there, I wish they would publich it, but that’s not the way they work. Probably more information will come out after the US are finally out, probably via the Taliban and the Iranians. The Chinese might release a little bit also, they are getting a lot more vocal these days, which is a good thing.

Posted by: BM | Aug 31 2021 15:11 utc | 114

The lies continue.
Biden ended the war.
No. That’s not how the Presidency works. The war was ended because the Taliban had grown into a formidable force. Continuing the fight would’ve meant the loss of lots more blood and treasure on a war that was senseless.
Continuing to fight that senseless would only cause resistance against other military actions that might be contemplated.
Trump ended the war. Biden followed through. The end was as bi-partisan as the beginning and middle.
=
The war is over.
Is it? The Panjshire Resistance (PR)and ISIS-K are fighting on. Who are these people and who supports them?
PR is led by USA/Western friendly leadership. Rumors of their demise have been greatly exaggerated. Their appeals for support are probably a smokescreen. CIA could not show support while USA troops were still withdrawing.
ISIS-K makes little sense – they are at war over petty a ideological issue (they demand that Taliban publicly support Jihad). And ISIS as an organization is itself questionable as history suggests that US-Israel-Saudi Arabia- and Turkey conspired to create ISIS.
=
Firefight with ISIS-K
USA will not admit to a firefight with the Taliban. They have talked instead about a firefight with ISIS-K.
USA and USA-critics both ignore the 28(?) Taliban that were killed. What is likely to have happened is that some soldiers fired into the crowd and/or soldiers fired on Taliban that were rushing to the scene. Either way, Afghan refugees were killed in the confusion.
That US troops may have been killed in a firefight with the Taliban in the closing hours of the withdrawal has been hushed up. But it will probably be brought to light as part of the anti-Biden/pro-Trump hullabaloo.
The cover-up (not what actually happened) will be used to further weaken Biden and the Democrats as USA moves to the right (as planned).
<> <> <> <> <>
What is not lied about is also curious: The ‘Pineapple’ Crew “rescuing”(*) Americans and refugees from the clutches of the Taliban.
This effort bypassed Taliban security. Yet there are NO QUESTIONS WHATSOEVER about how they operated and if they may have been responsible for ferrying the bomber to the airport.
“Heros” skirt accountability.
I have speculated that CIA Director Burns got approval for this operation from Taliban leader Baradar in the meeting shortly before (AFAICT) ‘Pineapple’ began. No one on the Taliban side would question an operation that was personally approved by Baradar.
* It’s questionable that such an effort was necessary. There has been wide acknowledgement that the Taliban has allowed people to leave and they have said that they want to build a country that is part of the international community – so travel to-and-from other countries will be allowed.
!!

Posted by: Jackrabbit | Aug 31 2021 16:00 utc | 115

@ BM 112
I’m confused. How could there be voting on a draft resolution
There couldn’t, and there wasn’t.

Posted by: Don Bacon | Aug 31 2021 16:02 utc | 116

Biden was adhering to a US-Taliban negotiated agreement. Obama did the same in Iraq. So we have two recent withdrawal agreements negotiated by Repub administrations, both without Senate advice and consent required by the Constitution, which later gained Dem admin compliance.

Posted by: Don Bacon | Aug 31 2021 16:08 utc | 117

Here is the spiritual leader of whom only one picture is known
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada (former ‘head of the sharia courts’ i.e. minister of justice in the Taliban I gov). He has the title of ‘amir al mu’minin’ in Taliban II.
So they managed to get a caliph (this is the normal title of caliphs in medieval times) before the MB ever got one. Now Erdo can work on his new venture: have a Turk at the head of the Deobandis.

Posted by: Mina | Aug 31 2021 16:40 utc | 118