Moon of Alabama Brecht quote
July 22, 2019
Ukraine Election – Voters Defeat Second Color Revolution

The Ukraine, translated as 'the borderlands,  lies between core Russia and the Europe's western states. It is a split country. Half the population speaks Russian as its first language. The industrialized center, east and south are culturally orthodox Russians. Some of its rural  western parts were attached to the Ukraine only after World War II. They have historically a different culture.

The U.S., supported by the EU, used this split – twice – to instigate 'revolutions' that were supposed to bring the Ukraine onto a 'western' course. Both attempts were defeated when the Ukrainians had the chance of a free vote.

The 2004 run-off election for the president of the Ukraine was won by Viktor Yanukovych. The U.S. disliked the result. Its proxies in Ukraine alleged fraud and instigated a color revolution. As a result of the 'Orange Revolution' the vote was re-run and the other candidate, Viktor Yushchenko, was declared the winner. But five years later another vote defeated the U.S. camp. Yanukovych was declared the winner and became president.

In 2014 the European Union made an attempt to bind the Ukraine to its side through an association agreement. But what the EU offered to Ukraine was paltry and Russia countered it. Unlike the Ukraine, which continues to get robbed by its oligarchs ever since its 1991 independence, Russia was economically back and in a much better position. It offered billions in investments and long term loans. Much of Ukraine's industry depends on Russia and Russian gas was offered to the Ukraine for less than the international market price. Yanukovych, who originally wanted to sign the EU association, had no choice but to refuse it, and to take the much better deal Russia offered.

The U.S. and the EU intervened. They again launched a color revolution, but this time it was one that would use force. Militarily trained youth from Galicia in the west Ukraine was bused into Kiev to occupy the central Maidan place and to violently fight the police. Snipers from Georgia were brought in to fire on both sides. It was then falsely alleged that government forces were killing the 'peaceful protesters'.

Yanukovych lost his nerves and fled to Russia. After some illegal political maneuvers new elections were called up and the oligarch Petro Poroshenko, bought off by the 'west', was declared the winner. The unreconstructed fascists from Galicia took over. The population in the industrial heartland in east Ukraine, next to Russia's border, revolted against the new rulers. A civil war, not a 'Russian invasion', ensued which the Ukrainian government largely lost. Lugansk and Donbas became rebel controlled statelets which depend of Russia. Russia took back Crimea, which in 1954 had been illegally gifted to Ukraine by then Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, himself a Ukrainian.

To end the war in the east Ukraine, the French, German and Russian leaders pressed Poroshenko to sign a peace agreement with the eastern leaders. But the Minsk agreement was seen as a political defeat and Poroshenko never implemented it. The war in the east simmered on ever since. The extreme right-wing politicians, who gained notoriety after the Maidan coup, prohibited the use of the Russian language which more than 50% of the Ukrainians speak. All opposition was harshly suppressed.

The oligarchs continue their plunder. Everything of value gets sold off to EU countries. The U.S. is allowed to build bases. Corruption, already endemic, further increased. The people came to despise Poroshenko.

In an attempt to regain support, Poroshenko launched a military provocation in the Kerch Strait which is under Russian control. The stunt was too obvious. Russia nabbed the sailors Poroshenko had send and confiscated their boats. No one came to Poroshenko's help.

One can watch the full story of the above in UKRAINE ON FIRE – The Real Story (vid), a just released 90 minutes long Oliver Stone documentary. An updated version of the documentary was supposed to run on the Ukraine TV station of pro-Russian oligarch Viktor Medvedchuk. The TV stations was forced to cancel it after right-wing groups mortared its its building in Kiev.

On March 31 new elections were held. Volodymyr Zelensky, a TV comedian who played a teacher who accidentally became president, won the first round. Zelensky is of Jewish heritage and from the east Ukraine. He speaks Russian, not Ukrainian.


Volodymyr Zelensky – bigger


The April run-off vote between Zelensky and Poroshenko was a disaster for the later. Zelensky received 73% of the votes. The only districts where Poroshenko won were in Galicia, where the descendants of the fascist who fought in World War II on the Nazi side still follow their forefathers ideology.


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Zelensky wants to end the war in the east. He plans to work for better relations with Russia. His main domestic promise is to end the corruption throughout the government. But the parliament, still under control of the Maidan fascists, opposed him. Zelensky relieved the parliament and called for early elections. They were held yesterday and the results are now in.

Zelensky's party, named after his former TV show 'The Servant of the People', put forward mostly fresh, untainted candidates. It won by a large margin. It will have more than 50% of the 450 parliament seats. The prominent fascists lost.


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The 2004 Orange Revolution was defeated by the 2009 election. The 2014 Maidan coup was defeated by the 2019 election. Evidently the revolution and coup plotters did not represent the people. But the Ukraine is still the Ukraine and unless someone defeats the oligarchs further intrigues are likely to happen.

Some allege that Zelensky is under influence of the oligarch Igor Kolomoisky. But so far there is little evidence to provide that.

The party which came in second is pro-Russian and won the majority vote in the east. It is controlled by Viktor Medvedchuk. Oliver Stone, in his recent interview with Vladimir Putin, discusses Medvedchuk's position on nationality with the Russian president. Putin rejects Medvedchuk claim that Russians in Ukraine belong to a Ukrainian nation. He sees all Russian people as part of one nationality.

Peter Porosheko and Yulia Tymoshenko lead the parties on the third and fourth place. They are themselves oligarchs. The populist Vakarchuk in the fifth place is backed by billionaire Viktor Pinchuk, the son-in-law of ex-President Leonid Kuchma.

The Ukraine can not economically survive without good relations with Russia. The country depends to a large part on Russian energy sources but has no money to pay for them. When the new Nord Stream II pipeline between Russia and Germany comes online the current old pipeline through the Ukraine will no longer be needed. The Ukraine will have lost a pressure point that it often used to blackmail Russia for cheaper gas. Zelensky will have to make concessions to Russia, or the Ukraine will have to accept the full market price which it can not pay.

Zelensky will likely try to move the country back to a balanced positions between the 'west' and Russia. With the large mandate he got and a secure majority in parliament he should have all the necessary means to achieve that.

But the 'west' is unlikely to let him do that. The U.S. wants to designate the Ukraine as a "major non-NATO ally" and use it against Russia.

Shortly after Zelensky was elected as president, 'western' paid 'civil society' groups issued a joint statement threatening a "third Maidan":

As civil society activists, we present a list of “red lines not to be crossed”. Should the President cross these red lines, such actions will inevitably lead to political instability in our country and the deterioration of international relations:

Foreign Policy Issues:

  • delaying, sabotaging, or rejecting the strategic course for EU and NATO membership; reducing political dialogue and destroying bilateral institutional mechanisms for cooperation with European and Euro-Atlantic partners
  • initiating any actions that might contribute to the reduction or lifting of sanctions against the aggressor state by Ukraine’s international partners
  • attempting to review any actions aimed at supporting international solidarity for Ukraine, restoring our territorial integrity, guaranteeing security and protecting the rights of all persons that have suffered from Russian aggression


National Identity: Language, Education, Culture

  • attempting to review the language law
  • attempting to review the law on education
  • attempting to review the law on de-communization and condemnation of totalitarian crimes of the past
  • implementing any actions aimed at undermining or discrediting the Orthodox Church of Ukraine or supporting the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine

The statement is signed by dozens of Soros, Omidyar, CIA and NATO funded organizations.

Mark Ames @MarkAmesExiled – 17:05 UTC May 24, 2019

Sure enough one of the signatories is "NGO 'CentreUA'"—same NGO, funded by Omidyar, Soros, USAID, that organized Maidan revolution. That's like a gun pointed at Zelensky's head. Outrageous.

Zelensky was elected by 75% of Ukrainians. Who the fuck elected Pierre Omidyar, George Soros, USAID, National Endowment for Democracy — and their “civil society” satraps — to supersede Ukraine’s democracy?

These 'western' paid organizations support the fascists:

How can Ukraine prevent pro-Russian politics if voters prefer it? Another revolution, duh.

This movement is dubbed "The 25%," after their support for Poroshenko's failed reelection. Backers include allies from his party list: outgoing speaker of parliament Andriy Parubiy and state historian Volodymyr Vyatrovych — controversial nationalists who heroize figures implicated in the Holocaust as freedom fighters for independence from the Soviet Union. Parubiy takes credit for leading other Maidans. He and Vyatrovych are evangelists of "national liberation" and "national revolution" against Russian imperialism.

If there is a third Maidan, Ukraine's far right will lead it. Debunking Kremlin propaganda about Ukraine overrun by a fascist junta would grow even more difficult. It would also delight Moscow and further destabilize Kyiv – which is the opposite of what the West is supposed to be doing there.

One hopes that Zelensky is smart enough to foresee a "third Maidan". He should kick out all of them from the police and other forces. He should also raise the police pay. He will need their loyalty sooner than he might think.

Comments

b concludes with the cautionary note: One hopes that Zelensky is smart enough to foresee a “third Maidan”. He should kick out all of them from the police and other forces.
Four months before his murder, the anti-corruption journalist Pavel Sheremet blogged in Ukraine Pravda about the likelihood of a fascist coup against Poroshenko by highlighting events that demonstrated the above-the-law power of the fascist right.

The unsuccessful Turkish military coup shook the Ukrainian community of political analysts and for a few days actualized fears and talk about a military coup in Ukraine.
Some frighten the inevitable and bloody coup, others reassure – there is no one to rebel.
I’m not going to predict anything, just draw your attention to 2 illustrative stories of recent days.

The Committee to Project Journalists in their study of Sheremet’s assassination ominously concluded.

“The lack of progress in the case, coupled with evidence pointing to possible Ukrainian involvement, weakens Kyiv’s credibility and suggests the need for an independent probe,”

Today, 112UA commented: [President] Zelensky also said he understood why the law enforcers could not release the official results of the investigation….Beyond that, a joint investigation of OCCRP and Slidstvo.Info portal has recently established that Security Service of Ukraine (SSU) could be following journalist Pavlo Sheremet a night before he was killed.
Hal C

Posted by: Hal C | Jul 23 2019 20:47 utc | 101

@William Gruff – Thanks for providing some historical context that in this day and age (and country) is easily relegated to non-existent status or shown the door to the memory hole.
Regarding ISIS, sure they were a tough adversary – their membership was difficult to pin down, often with other groups being portrayed as ISIS (or not) in whatever manner was most convenient to NATO and Israel’s contemporary goals in “theater”….Didn’t help that they had a bunch of money, new weaponry, vehicles, air cover (even when retreating after being “defeated”) and tactical support from the U.S., Israel and the U.K. (among others for sure).

Posted by: KC | Jul 23 2019 20:49 utc | 102

bevin: “Jewish population of Ukraine is 0.2% of the whole! Why are they running the country?”
They aren’t, Jackrabbit. Grow up, for Christ’s sake, and put these cheap racist cracks behind you. Ukraine is being run by the US and NATO, the Empire. God willing that is now going to change.”
Posted by: bevin | Jul 22 2019 22:46 utc | 35
bevin is right to be concerned….
Jackrabbit is noticing things! The pattern is always the same: first comes the noticing, followed by connecting dots, and this always leads to the same place: goyim knowing
Leave goyim knowing to Unz Review. This is not the place for that!
Time to nip it in the bud. The time to act was yesterday.
Once goyim knowing spreads, your only option left is to Shut It Down
B’shalom
Yarden Ben Fishelstein
(ACT.IL online community for Israel)

Posted by: YBF | Jul 23 2019 21:32 utc | 103

Regarding YBF (@105) and his online organization:
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ishmaeldaro/act-il-social-media-astroturfing-israel-palestine
Hence, in the same comment that he calls out alleged antisemitism, he admits to being a member (?) of an organization that uses astroturf and other deceptive practices to advocate on behalf of Israeli Zionists and to re-frame their continued exploitation and murder of Palestinians?
Shut It Down, indeed, Yarden.

Posted by: KC | Jul 23 2019 22:05 utc | 104

YBF @105: I’ve read that three times now and I still have no idea what you are trying to say. I suppose that is intentional, a feeble attempt to imitate or parody ones enemies, not sure which. Perhaps I expect too much. I see lots of the sort of jargon and cant you use in certain places on the web, and they generally don’t manage to be coherent either.

Posted by: Bemildred | Jul 23 2019 22:57 utc | 105

@ bemildred… ignore the troll.. they come here with countless different names, and even hijack regular posters names and it is always the same… when they start talking goyin – that is one of the many cues..

Posted by: james | Jul 23 2019 23:11 utc | 106

@107
He is mocking bevin, all that comes after “concerned…” is supposed to be bevin’s thinking, and at the end the associates that sponsor that thinking.
James just made himself target also afterwards.
You are right the style is kind of cryptic, almost militant, the poster is accusing bevin of being a troll, and james is accusing the poster of being a troll.
Not going to get much more out of it all than that I think.

Posted by: gzon | Jul 24 2019 0:32 utc | 107

Friar Ockham@67
Robert Conquest had an american oligarch from the Heinz ketchup family as handler.
Typical propaganda peddler.
Another similarly unreliable and fraudulent source had the Hearst media Tychoon for handler.
There are no reliable western sources and many Russia-haters in the east rely on them resulting in inflated numbers.
Further there was a Us/Uk gold-blockade against the USSR for payment of vital imports of machinery without which the USSR would have been an easy prey for Hitler.
It was even the case for a period that the exporters only recognised grain as valid payment.
You go figure why.
Regarding the everpresent jewish actors. They are stooges for the angloamerican empire.
That is why Britain covertly backstabbed them in the 19th century so they would have no other partners. Stab them in the back and offer them good deals working for you so you dont have to worry about your rivals exploiting them in the same way.
And even worse for Britain: that the jews would have assimilated within rival nations thus never realising Britains centuries old Israel project as an imperial bridgehead.
Don Carlos@99:
Oleg Busina, murdered a few years back confirmed what you state and said there was no genuine identification as ukrainians during the early phases of the USSR although the reds seemingly attempted to arouse it.
I believe Busina was loyal to the idea of Ukrainian independence but wanted normal relations with Russia considering their long history together.
It is a fact that the Uk/Us have spent lots of effort during the 20th century to encourage separatism in Ukraine and elsewhere. Both in the 30s and later but the hungry memoryhole swallows everything.
If one is looking for genuine popular risings and genuine revolutions there aint much without a british or american sponsor behind it.

Posted by: Peter Grafström | Jul 24 2019 9:27 utc | 108

And then a real troll shows up trying to obliquely salvage his investment in creating an artificial identity for the forum so he doesn’t have to start over with a new one.
What a droll troll! These fora that do not allow the poor trolls to artificially amplify their posts with scripts that vote them up and down-vote their detractors are so much more difficult for them to work in, and so they must try to be clever to accumulate “thread cred” from readers. It is funny watching them work when they think nobody can tell what they are doing.

Posted by: William Gruff | Jul 24 2019 11:05 utc | 109

Jack, afaik, there were some questions about Poroshenko’s religion, as he was seen to attend Catholic and Orthodox ceremonies (guess he was doing the rounds pre-election, ha ha.) Yats is Greek Catholic. The chief Rabbi of Ukraine of the time stated he was not Jewish. (Despite some claims of Romanian-Jewish origins.) Groysman is indeed Jewish. Zelensky idk.
Now I suppose one can enter an argument about closeted Jews? That doesn’t seem fruitful..

Posted by: Noirette | Jul 24 2019 11:12 utc | 110

@ William Gruff 110

And then a real troll shows up trying to obliquely salvage his investment in creating an artificial identity for the forum so he doesn’t have to start over with a new one.

LOL…indeed.
I guess this clown thinks the thing to do now [after being definitively outed and failing to answer key questions] is to lay low and sprinkle some substance free verbal dust around, just to ‘keep up appearances.’
LOL, good luck with that, trollmeister.

Posted by: flankerbandit | Jul 24 2019 11:31 utc | 111

@ you two 111 112
I did not ever see any “key questions” posed.
Maybe it is not my profession to run comments from A-Z like yourselves and so checking back continuously, maybe you think everyone who does not give you credibility works like your do but in an opposite direction.
You are outing yourselves, and purposefully going against advice of not feeding trolls also. Though I am also feeding your presence, if you read through you will find I have been under consistent personal attack from you, and initiated by you, and because b seems to allow this it leaves someone with any dignity two choices, to reply or to leave the site.

Posted by: gzon | Jul 24 2019 13:07 utc | 112

“You are outing yourselves, and purposefully going against advice of not feeding trolls also”
For the narrow viewed pedantic looking to “catch me” that also means
You are outing yourselves, and purposefully going against advice of not feeding trolls / “trolls” also.
Obviously, but it seems I even have to think for you.

Posted by: gzon | Jul 24 2019 13:11 utc | 113

Gruff: what does Ukraine have to offer Russia? (…) what is left of Ukraine after all of this that they can offer?
Well, Ukr. is split. (An answer to *part* of Gruff’s qu. merely.)
The attachment of the DPR and LPR (>DLPR or Donbass) to Russia is now perhaps close to ‘protectorate’ status. A few ex.
Russia recognizes all DLPR issued documents as legal (2017) and has started giving out passports to DLPR citizens (2019, link)
First actions, 2014, by DLPR: make their educational system Russia-compatible. They changed the marking system, the structure, and the curriculum. —Under the Ukr. bi-lingual system, parents chose the main language class/school their children would follow. DLPR did not make Russian obligatory yet it became more popular. Teachers ‘in Ukrainian’ were not fired but re-cycled.
So pupils / students from the region can transfer to/attend Russian institutions under the same conditions as Russians. All or almost all the school books come from R.
They changed the clock to Moscow time. The ruble is legal tender (euros also.) The financial aspect is v. important, but murky. Kiev no longer pays the pensions; I presume they are paid by R but have no solid evidence. That is a huge chunk of change.. The border is of course porous and that trade across it is under Kiev rules is fiction. DLPR nationalized the banks, but I’m guessing the end point is Russian.. psychohistorian might like to study this ex.
So the Donbass has an educated work-force willing to emigrate, travel, (also non-educ..), industry that might be revived, fertile land (southern), and collaboration of ppl who are ‘Russians’, most often orthodox, etc.
Which raises the question, what can Russia offer the Donbass people? The mention of offering, giving, sharing, or even of sacrifice – as opposed to demanding with threats, coercing, imposing, fighting for, etc. – has disapeared from Anglo discourse (MSM pols etc.). And ppl blame Trump for being ‘transactional’ – go figure.
https://www.dw.com/en/russia-starts-giving-passports-to-ukrainians-from-donetsk-luhansk/a-49207353
https://www.globalresearch.ca/ukraine-donetsk-republic-nationalizes-banks-draws-ire-of-nato-and-world-banking-cartel/5447630

Posted by: Noirette | Jul 24 2019 13:24 utc | 114

@115
Russia and Ukraine have a chance for industrial cooperation, in areas like steelworks, coal, heavy industries and machinery of all sort, pipes, locomotives, eventually aerospace, reviving Antonov and Motor Sich, etc. This is mostly Donbass/the east.
Ukraine has next to zero chance for industrial cooperation with the West, as all their machinery is based on different from EU standards and redesign is non-competitive. It can sell limited amounts of agro-products to the west -but this is quite over-supplied too. All that were the real reasons of Yanukovich suddenly putting breaks on eurointegration.
It can also sell to the West, and loose, very valuable prime quality land, which is considerably cheaper then in the West–and Zelenskiy is on track to do just that. Then maybe sell people too, as already mentioned.

Posted by: Don Karlos | Jul 24 2019 14:17 utc | 115

Noirette @111:
some questions about Poroshenko’s religion
Here is Fort-Russ:

… the Jewish heritage of Poroshenko, whose real name is Waltzman.

I’ve seen this cited in many places including Der Speigel (speigel.de). AFAIK Poroshenko has neither confirmed or denied Jewish heritage (which tends to be confirming itself) and his Wikipedia page does not include any religious faith. It’s unusual for a political leader to not have a faith.
=
Yats is Greek Catholic. The chief Rabbi of Ukraine of the time stated he was not Jewish.
Yats is said to have Jewish roots but not to practice Judism. That seems to be widely understood – @57 I linked to theGuardian.com article Who Exactly is Governing Ukraine? article that mentions this:

He has played down his Jewish-Ukrainian origins, possibly because of the prevalence of antisemitism in his party’s western Ukraine heartland.

Wikipedia cherry-picks when they say that the Chief Rabbi has said that Yats is not Jewish. From the jta.org article that they cite goes much further:

“Arseniy Yatsenyuk is not Jewish, but he is a very nice person and definitely a good candidate,” Rabbi Yaakov Dov Bleich, chief rabbi of Ukraine, told JTA.
Political analyst Tars Kuzio has said that Yatsenyuk’s Jewish origins could hurt his chances. Jewish leaders and experts predict that some political forces will play the “Jewish card” during the elections.

The Chief Rabbi supports Yats as a political candidate(!) as did “Jewish leaders and experts” who bemoan the use of the “Jewish card”.
Tars Kuzio, who believes that Yats has has Jewish roots (along with many others), is a respected international analyst. Why would jta.org include Kuzio’s belief and understanding when it starkly contrasts with the Chief Rabbi of Ukraine?
I assume that if Yats could refute these allegations of Jewish roots, he would have. Even stranger still is that the two most important leaders in the country are suspected of concealing Jewish roots. And the fact that the next round of top leadership (Zelensky and Groysman) are definitely Jewish bolster the view that Poroshenko and Yats actually do have Jewish roots.

Posted by: Jackrabbit | Jul 24 2019 15:31 utc | 116

pantaraxia wrote: “ps: So Zelensky doesn’t even speak the language of the country he is leading. Doesn’t any one else find this a bit, well, odd? For example how would it be viewed if a Canadian Prime Minister spoke only French?”
Most people in Ukraine don’t speak Ukrainian, surzhyk at best. When I lived there and my colleagues had to produce official documents, we used to spend a lot of time searching for the correct word as we translated everything from Russian to Ukrainian.
Hell, I was at the closing of a transaction between a Yushchenko government official and a Kiev businessman. The relevant contract was written in Ukrainian, as required under local law. *I* had to translate (in Russian) the agreement for these individuals, as they did not otherwise understand significant parts of what they were signing, which we had negotiated, again, in Russian. And I am an American, not a drop of Slavic blood in me, AFAICT. Most surreal moment of my career.
A better analogy would be a Canadian president who speaks English and not French, or an Irish prime minister who doesn’t know Irish Gaelic.

Posted by: Sid Finster | Jul 24 2019 15:35 utc | 117

https://www.quora.com/Does-Zelensky-speak-Ukrainian-fluently-Does-he-have-a-Russian-accent-when-talking-in-Ukrainian
Says he speaks both and better Russian.

Posted by: gzon | Jul 24 2019 15:57 utc | 118

Don Karlos
While all that is true of cooperation, there is no chance that an ukrainian president would work with Russia at this stage, that would mean he will lose the next election.

Posted by: Zanon | Jul 24 2019 16:09 utc | 119

We will see.
The trade (at major volumes) never stopped to begin with, despite the war and mutual sanctions
Zelenskii stated that he intends to run for one term only. Only one Ukrainian president was ever reelected anyway.
(Zelenskii also said he would do anything for peace; zero factual evidence for this at this point)

Posted by: Don Karlos | Jul 24 2019 16:40 utc | 120

Canada’s Christia Freeland, a name made to disguise her grandfather’s NAZI collaboration in the Ukraine, is a typical Canadian comprador. There is no support or recognition of anything except the ego strokes of power to inform anything a Liberal of CONservative Canadian politician might do in Canada’s name.

Posted by: Richard Graham | Jul 24 2019 17:49 utc | 121

Keep Gruff and stay ruff.. 😉

Posted by: Lozion | Jul 24 2019 18:39 utc | 122

Sorry I can’t help it: this is clearly a case of Russian interference in the election.

Posted by: Daniel Good | Jul 24 2019 21:04 utc | 123

@125 daniel.. you might enjoy hanging out at emptywheel’s website https://www.emptywheel.net/ – an echo chamber of similar minded people… you will get the exact opposite here from most of moa who will basically just ignore you or worse – challenge you to be specific with your rationale.. cheers..

Posted by: james | Jul 25 2019 22:25 utc | 124

A lot of people in the West are ignorant of, or refuse to acknowledge, that the historic enmity between Poland and the Baltics on one side, and Russia on the other, is a very long running affair. The Polish-Lithuanian empire that was overthrown by Russia was a Norman-type feudal arrangement: armored knights ruling over a peasantry with dramatically different religion, customs, even language.
Posted by: c1ue | Jul 23 2019 19:11 utc | 96
This is highly inaccurate. In England, Normans (Danes who Frenchified after 100+ years in a part of France that was called Normandy as they were originally Norsemen) conquered and replaced native Saxon (and Danish?) nobility with French-style baronies, but nothing of the sort happened when Lithuanians and Poles took over what became Belorus and (most of) Ukraine. Kins of Lithuanian Grand Dukes got large fiefs, but local gentry/nobility was not replaced, and many great families descended from Rurikid dukes/princes. Until late 16-th century the rulers were not proselitic, and the distinction of customs and language were hardly dramatic. For example, Lithuania was illiterate so for more than 100 years the languages of documents were Latin and a Belorus dialect.
However, in a kind of cultural homogenization of nobility/gentry (the term Szlachta is used also in English to stress deep distinction to West European concepts of nobility) led to predominance of Catholic religion and Polish language, while simultaneously the exploitation of peasants was increasingly onerous. For some reason, peasants in Lithuania (now, Belorus) remain remarkably docile, but those in eastern Ukraine were not, and that lead to a great rebellion in 1648 (a war of ca. 10 years) and a “Cossack” tradition in Ukraine. In 19th century that lead to formation of Ukrainian nationalism that even today has very variable degree of acceptance among Ukrainians.
Needless to say, when Empress Catherine took over eastern part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, folks who ruled over peasantry were much more similar to their Russian brethren (apart from being Catholic) than to “armored knights”, and landowners on each side of the former border were fluent in French. Catherine was a lucky German princess, but of course she was fluent in French as well.

Posted by: Piotr Berman | Jul 30 2019 4:32 utc | 125