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The Language of Empire
In a Washington Post op-ed Michelle D. Gavin, for the Council of Imperial Relations, is Looking Towards Zimbabwe’s Future:
[T]he U.S., working with others, can help to alter the calculus of the Zimbabwean players who can affect change. […] [T]his requires marshalling real resources in an international trust fund for Zimbabwe’s recovery — resources that can serve as powerful incentives for potential successors to Mugabe to embrace vital reforms.
Deimperialized translation:
The U.S., with other people paying, can use carrots and sticks to instigate some Zimbabwean crooks into launching a coup. […] This requires luring international payers into handing over some cash –, money we can use to give huge bribes to potential dictatorial successors so that they will do whatever we will demand.
Simple – isn’t it?
Adding via Angry Arab: Zimbabwe Under Siege
another phrase in that wapo opinion piece that i always find revealing, seeing as how even at least one pentagon clerk has used it this year to promote u.s. interests in the african continent.
Zimbabwe, with its powerful history of … tremendous human capital … could be as inspiring tomorrow as it is depressing today.
from the first web reference on word origins that i come across
Capital: This word comes ultimately from the Latin word for “head”. The words capital and cattle come from this same root. Cattle were and are a source of wealth, and are typically measured in terms of how many “head of cattle”.
to exactly what “powerful history” of “tremendous human capital” does gavin allude? the human labor that built the great stone structures of the 14th century which early euro explorers compared to the great pyramids of egypt and from which zimbabwe took its name? perhaps.
but probably not the pastoralist empire of the mutapa in the 15th which conquered regional peoples & oversaw tremendous herds of cattle, for the author explicitly uses the term “human capital”.
could we infer then that maybe she refers to a more recent history, say that of occupied white settler state of southern rhodesia, which saw a booming post-WWI economy based on surplus labor (otherwise known as the people who used to live & produce there) focused on extraction and farming lands now owned by whitefellas? having been kicked off their own lands, corraled onto de facto reservations, and forced to work on behalf of the white settlers for a mere pittance, the majority of shona, ndebele, & other peoples of zimbabwe were the muscle behind the country’s economy as it took off & gained international status, yet they themselves had little to show for it as wealth, as is typical, only concentrated in the hands of the few.
could this be the “tremendous human capital” that the CFR would like to see return? that would be my interpretation.
(the white supremacist ian smith died in his bed barely a week ago at the ripe old age of 88. zimbabwe’s state-run newspaper the herald actually ran a tolerant obit, which i found somewhat surprising considering smith’s vituperative ventings toward the majority rule govt & the amount of zim blood on his hands.)
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stephen gowans’ latest essay
Looking For Evil In All The Wrong Places
There are dozens of US client states whose leaders fit the description “cruel dictator” who most people don’t know rig elections, jail opponents, close newspapers and start wars. On the other hand, there are a few leaders, invariably elected, who preside over governments that pursue traditional leftist goals of socialism or escape from neo-colonialism or both who many people understand incorrectly to be cruel dictators (Hugo Chavez, Fidel Castro, Alexander Lukashenko, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Robert Mugabe.) Government officials, news media and even many leftists in the West reserve the term cruel dictator for the opponents of imperialism, while saying virtually nothing about the real dictators who defend and promote Western strategic and economic interests at the expense of their own people. This essay focuses on Robert Mugabe, one leader the West vilifies as a cruel dictator, and compares the accusations made against him with the records of such US allies as Hosni Mubarak, Meles Zenawi, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Mikheil Saakashvili and Pervez Musharraf.
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comparisons between british empire and the current u.s. superpower are somewhat difficult to make. most political scientists will claim that the u.s. is not literally an empire, in that it is not conquering territories and then incorporating the inhabitants of those lands into its polity, which is the traditional definition. while the shock troops, bureaucrats and economists are subduing peoples and dictating how they organize & run their institutions, iraq, afghanistan, and others are not now or will they likely ever be considered part of the u.s.
(the u.s. is a continental empire, though, incorporating indigenous americans into its base after a period of (often violent) territorial expansion.)
there is debate on this use of the term empire, however, in that its earlier meanings have shifted to take on new understandings of what constitutes modern empire. despite the u.s. not incorporating these other peoples into a larger polity, the president of the united states is widely seen as being the most powerful official on the planet, exercising dominion, in varying degrees, over many nations and peoples outside of its continental borders. while not a king or emperor by official title (another debatable point wrt our current selected ruler, the chimperor), their power is still recognized across vast holdings.
aside from the direct control over territories & govts, there is the reality that the u.s. has hundreds of military outposts spread across the planet to provide the force & influence necessary for dominating international trade & political ideology & protecting its interests. it is w/o question to state that u.s. imperial reach is immense.
the u.s. also has control over international financial institutions such as the world bank & the IMF from which to promote & protect its hegemony. actually, hegemony might not be the appropriate word here. hegemony implies a system of dominance is enacted & accepted b/c it benefits all involved. certainly this is how the u.s. global domination sells itself, w/ programs espousing (very specific, limited meanings of) democracy, free-trade, and civil (and not really human) rights. but, again, it can be seriously argued that nothing that the u.s. only acts in its own selfish interest, that their authority is not legitimate, and that a consensus supporting this system was never reached, let alone sought. so hegemony is not quite the correct word either, as it doesn’t seem to define much of what the u.s. does in the world anymore.
saying that the united states is an imperialist country is most definitely not a controversial stmt to make, as the u.s. has clearly inflicted control throughout much of the world on political, civil, social, and economic planes at least since the period immediately following WWII. since these conquests are not governed by a single authoritarian structure, however, historians and political scientists generally favor using the term “imperialist” to describe the u.s. in place of “empire.”
that’s my understanding so far.
monolycus is correct that it is an exercise in futility to rate imperialisms on a scale of good-to-bad. they all rely on varying degrees of oppression & exploitation, occur in divergent contexts, w/ different actors & ingredients, but the results are the same for those on the short end of the stick.
Posted by: b real | Nov 25 2007 19:35 utc | 13
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